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Basically a sonar measures the time it takes for a pulse of sound to be reflected off of an object. Multiplying time and speed of sound gives a distance to that object. (See for example the parking radar in cars)
More advanced sonars can create a picture from the reflections of the sound pulse. When sound is bounced off of an object there is nothing that goes beyond that object (the signal is reflected back to the receiver). Therefore the a "shadow"is formed behind the object as if it was flooded in spotlight.
I used to run side scan sonar surveys for MMS (minerals management service) in the GOM (gulf of mexico). With high resolution (lots of detail) you had to run a narrow path. Less detail wider. I've seen images of a bicycle tire showing spokes. We surveyed mostly for pipe placement to the oil rigs, and debris left after a job etc.
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